However, the compositions and diversity of gut microbiota are easily affected by various factors (i.e., diets, drugs, pathogens, and environmental factors), which further affect the health of humans and animals ( Gao et al., 2013 Yin et al., 2020). In addition, the roles of microbial balance in the development and the maturation of the mucosal immune system and the integrity of the intestinal barrier have been also reported ( Jandhyala et al., 2015). For example, the healthy gut microbiome can protect against epithelial cell injury and improve pathogen clearance from the gut lumen after non-typhoidal Salmonella diarrhea. Homeostasis and symbiotic interactions promote peaceful coexistence between the microbiota and the host, which further inhibit the colonization of most introduced pathogens and participate in nutrient absorption and physiological functions ( Kaiser et al., 2012 Hillman et al., 2017 Fan and Pedersen, 2020). The density and compositions of microorganisms change along the gastrointestinal tract and perform their functions in different parts. The intestinal tract of mammals hosts a high and diverse number of different microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses ( Ryan et al., 2020). Although the mortality rate associated with diarrhea has been significantly reduced over the years, it is still one of the common reasons for pediatric emergency department visits, especially in some low-income countries in Asia and Africa ( Nataro, 2013). Pathological bile acid absorption, bacterial and viral infections, carbohydrate malabsorption, disaccharidase insufficiency, and chronic inflammatory diseases are all related to diarrhea ( Camilleri et al., 2017). In addition, diarrhea may be a symptom of many diseases. Generally, diarrhea is a clinical manifestation of intestinal ion transport channel proteins, channels, physical and chemical barriers being damaged, leading to disorders of water and electrolyte transport in the digestive tract ( Chu et al., 2020). Together, gut microbiota manipulation is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, and further insight into the function of the gut microbiota will help to discover more anti-diarrhea probiotics.ĭiarrhea is a common health problem in the world, which induces 1.3 million deaths every year ( Troeger et al., 2017), especially for infants and young children ( Lamberti et al., 2016 Black et al., 2019). In this review, we discussed the influence of the gut microbiota in the infection of diarrhea pathogens, and updated the research of reshaping the gut microbiota to prevent or treat diarrhea for the past few years. Of relevance, reprograming gut microbiota communities by dietary probiotics or fecal bacteria transplantation are widely introduced to treat or prevent diarrhea. Generally, diarrheal patients or animals are characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis and pathogen infections may lead to diarrheal phenotypes. 3Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Chinaĭiarrhea is a common problem to the whole world and the occurrence of diarrhea is highly associated with gut microbiota, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.2Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.1Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.Yunxia Li 1, Siting Xia 1, Xiaohan Jiang 1, Can Feng 1, Saiming Gong 1, Jie Ma 1, Zhengfeng Fang 2*, Jie Yin 1* and Yulong Yin 1,3
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